Anon.: Aviation Weather For Pilots and Flight Operations Personnel. AC 00-6A (Cancelled), FAA, issued April, 1975, cancelled 2016. faa.gov↩
Loughborough, D. L.:"Mechanical De-Icing Systems", (B. F. Goodrich Company), Lecture No. 10, University of Michigan Airplane Icing Information Course, 1953. ↩
Anon., Air Command Weather Manual (Canada), CFACM 2-70, May 22, 2001. ↩
"ChatGPT may produce inaccurate information about people, places, or facts"
From https://chat.openai.com/ ChatGPT August 3 Version (2023).
Summary
The image was generated with DALL-E 2 with the prompt
"An airplane from 1946 flying with engine exhaust heat ice protection".
I have no idea what the orange thing (ribbon and bow?) is on the wing.
Prompt: "Write a blog post about the use of engine exhaust heat for aircraft ice protection during the era of the National Advisory Committee for Aerodynamics, including citations"
Response:
The National Advisory Committee for Aerodynamics (NACA) was a organization in the United States that existed from 1915 to 1958. During its existence, NACA carried out research on various aspects of aerodynamics, including the use of engine exhaust heat for aircraft ice protection.
One of the early NACA reports on this topic, "Investigation of the …
"The subject of aircraft ice protection has provoked much controversy and discourse among theorists, designers, laboratory and test engineers, and flight operations people."1
Summary
The state of the art in 1969 of aircraft icing is documented in 16 presentations.
Abstract
The subject of aircraft ice protection has provoked much controversy
and discourse among theorists, designers, laboratory and test
engineers, and flight operations people. In view of this diversity
of opinion and variety of approach, some difficulty has been
experienced in applying current standards and in maintaining
uniformity in the substantiation of aircraft ice protection.
This symposium recognized the need to exchange ideas and it
provided a general review of icing criteria, ice protection
standards, methods of compliance, and service experience. It
also served as a general refresher for Federal Aviation Administration
personnel involved in the evaluation of aircraft ice protection.
Technical papers were presented by government research and test …
"The upper surface [ice] horn acts as a spoiler, increasing drag, and reducing lift."
"Techniques Used to Determine Artificial Ice Shapes and Ice Shedding, Characteristics of Unprotected Airfoil Surfaces" 1
Summary
Glaze ice shape correlations for two commercial aircraft airfoils are developed.
Key Points
Icing wind tunnel tests with two commercial aircraft airfoils were conducted.
Glaze ice shape correlations were developed.
Airplane level ice effects are detailed.
The state of the art in 1969 is documented.
A Note
I briefly worked with Ramon Wilder (circa 1991?),
but I did not ask him about this particular publication.
I (a much junior engineer) asked him off-handedly about a certain heat conduction equation.
He said "I'll get back to you."
The next day he came in with an elegant, hand-written, 10 page proof, and said
"That was a little tough. It took me three hours last night!"
That was the kind of engineer …
mass: kg
force: N
length: m
tk: temperature, K
time: seconds, s
p: air static pressure, Pa (N/m^2)
u: free-stream air speed, m/s
altitude: pressure altitude, m
energy: J or N-m
Icing specific, entrenched exceptions:
d_drop: water drop diameter, micrometer (1e-6 m)
lwc: liquid water content, g/m^3
The NACA publications systems of units
The units in the NACA publications vaguely follow "US Customary" units,
although there are often exceptions:
mass: g, kg, lbm, slug
force: N, lbf
length: micron, inch, foot, mile, nautical mile
temperature: F, R
time: s, hour
air static pressure, lbf/in …
"Aircraft icing is one of the major weather hazards to aviation. Icing is a cumulative hazard. It reduces aircraft efficiency by increasing weight, reducing lift, decreasing thrust, and increasing drag."1
Summary
Prior information from the FAA on "Aviation Weather For Pilots and Flight Operations Personnel".
Discussion
Veteran pilots with FIKI ratings (Flight In Known Icing) may already be familiar with this, but the rest of us could benefit from reading it.
Alas, this was cancelled in 2016 (the next version calcelled in 2022 2, and the superseding version 3 is more current, but not as entertaining a read).
It also features "instructive illustrations" to introduce each chapter, which are somewhere on the
corney-questionable-objectionable spectrum.
The potential hazards of structural icing are noted:
I am not so sure about the "Stalling Speed Increases" part.
The speed at which the airplane may stall at may decrease due to the effects of …