Articles with tag: "diversions"

(Note: figures do not appear in the summaries below)
  1. Celebrating 25 Years of the NTRS

    Published: Tue 02 January 2024
    Updated: Tue 01 October 2024

    tags: ntrs
    diversions

    The NACA Technical Report Server.
    The NACA Technical Reports Server, circa 1999. From NASA/TM-1999-209127. This has been superseded by the NASA Technical Reports Server ntrs.nasa.gov.

    Dust off your Netscape Navigator browser 1 and research like it's 1999!

    Or, experience the archived version for December, 1998, at web.archive.org.

    Notes


    1. Hmm, it appears that Netscape Navigator has not been supported since 2008. Oh well, just use firefox then. 

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  2. Instructive Illustrations

    Four cartoon depictions of aircraft in icing. 
The individual images are described in detail below.

    Summary

    While icing weather is a serious topic for aircraft, several sources have used [debatably] humorous, instructive illustrations of the hazards.

    Discussion

    Aviation Weather For Pilots and Flight Operations Personnel. AC 00-6A (Cancelled) 1

    Chapter 10 Icing. 
A pilot sits in or on a small cartoon airplane, 
much of which is encased in a block or ice.

    See also The Greatest Thing That You Have (Probably) Never Read: AC 00-6A (Cancelled)

    "Mechanical De-Icing Systems" 2

    A cartoon drawing of an airplane in flight, 
with pilots visible in the flight deck windows. 
There is snow on the ground below. 
Mechanical arms are coming out from hatches on the airplane, 
removing ice from the wing leading edge with ice picks. 
Caption: "Most practical de-icers I ever saw". Artist: Dick Sha.

    See also University of Michigan Airplane Icing Information Course, 1953.

    Air Command Weather Manual (Canada) 3

    Chapter 9 Aircraft Icing. 
A pilot sitting in or on a small cartoon airplane pushes up against 
the lid of a box of ice around the airplane. 
The caption reads: 
"Aircraft accidents generally occur after a series of events place a pilot in a
box from which be [he?] cannot escape. Icing is one of the events that can close
the box, making an accident inevitable. Your knowledge of icing and how it
affects your aircraft may prevent the last side of the box from closing."

    Icing Hazards - National Weather Service 4

    Adverse Effects to Flight. 
A cartoon of an airplane with ice on the wings, and a pilot in an open cockpit, 
with stylized human forces of reduced thrust pushing aft, 
increased drag pulling aft, 
decreased lift pushing down, and increased weight pulling down.

    NASA - Introduction to Aircraft Icing 5

    Impact on Aerodynamic Performance. A cartoon of an airplane and a pilot in an open cockpit, with at arrow on their helmet indicating up. There are repair patches on the aiprlane wings and body. Arrows show decreases thrust, decreases lift, increases weight, increases drag.

    Notes


    1. Anon.: Aviation Weather For Pilots and Flight Operations Personnel. AC 00-6A (Cancelled), FAA, issued April, 1975, cancelled 2016. faa.gov 

    2. Loughborough, D. L.:"Mechanical De-Icing Systems", (B. F. Goodrich Company), Lecture No. 10, University of Michigan Airplane Icing Information Course, 1953. 

    3. Anon., Air Command Weather Manual (Canada), CFACM 2-70, May 22, 2001. 

    4. weather.gov 

    5. Von Hardenberg, Paul: Introduction to Aircraft Icing and NASA’s Approach to Understanding It. March …

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  3. Out-Sourcing My Work to ChatGPT and DALL-E

    Published: Sun 22 January 2023
    Updated: Tue 01 October 2024

    tags: humor
    diversions

    "ChatGPT may produce inaccurate information about people, places, or facts"

    From https://chat.openai.com/ ChatGPT August 3 Version (2023).

    A metal-construction, low-wing, single engine, propeller driven airplane in flight.
The passenger cabin is rather boxy for an airplane. 
Smoke trails aft of the airplane.

    Summary

    The image was generated with DALL-E 2 with the prompt "An airplane from 1946 flying with engine exhaust heat ice protection". I have no idea what the orange thing (ribbon and bow?) is on the wing.

    I also tried letting ChatGPT write a blog post.

    Prompt: "Write a blog post about the use of engine exhaust heat for aircraft ice protection during the era of the National Advisory Committee for Aerodynamics, including citations"

    Response:

    The National Advisory Committee for Aerodynamics (NACA) was a organization in the United States that existed from 1915 to 1958. During its existence, NACA carried out research on various aspects of aerodynamics, including the use of engine exhaust heat for aircraft ice protection.

    One of the early NACA reports on this topic, "Investigation of the …

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  4. The Greatest Thing That You Have (Probably) Never Read: 1969 Aircraft Ice Protection Report of Symposium

    "The subject of aircraft ice protection has provoked much controversy and discourse among theorists, designers, laboratory and test engineers, and flight operations people." 1

    Figure 1. Icing energy heat balance from a presentation by Bernard Messinger.

    Summary

    The state of the art in 1969 of aircraft icing is documented in 16 presentations.

    Abstract

    The subject of aircraft ice protection has provoked much controversy and discourse among theorists, designers, laboratory and test engineers, and flight operations people. In view of this diversity of opinion and variety of approach, some difficulty has been experienced in applying current standards and in maintaining uniformity in the substantiation of aircraft ice protection. This symposium recognized the need to exchange ideas and it provided a general review of icing criteria, ice protection standards, methods of compliance, and service experience. It also served as a general refresher for Federal Aviation Administration personnel involved in the evaluation of aircraft ice protection. Technical papers were presented by government research and test …

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  5. The Greatest Thing That You Have (Probably) Never Read: 1969 Aircraft Ice Protection Report of Symposium, Ramon Wilder

    "The upper surface [ice] horn acts as a spoiler, increasing drag, and reducing lift."

    Figure 25. 747 Horizontal stabilizer ice shapes.

    "Techniques Used to Determine Artificial Ice Shapes and Ice Shedding, Characteristics of Unprotected Airfoil Surfaces" 1

    Summary

    Glaze ice shape correlations for two commercial aircraft airfoils are developed.

    Key Points

    1. Icing wind tunnel tests with two commercial aircraft airfoils were conducted.
    2. Glaze ice shape correlations were developed.
    3. Airplane level ice effects are detailed.
    4. The state of the art in 1969 is documented.

    A Note

    I briefly worked with Ramon Wilder (circa 1991?), but I did not ask him about this particular publication. I (a much junior engineer) asked him off-handedly about a certain heat conduction equation. He said "I'll get back to you." The next day he came in with an elegant, hand-written, 10 page proof, and said "That was a little tough. It took me three hours last night!" That was the kind of engineer …

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  6. A Brief Digression on Unit Systems

    "I'm burning through the sky, yeah. Two hundred degrees, that's why they call me Mister Fahrenheit. I'm travelling at the speed of light."

    from Queen, "Don't Stop Me Now".

    The interior of a modified B-29 bomber used to determine what conditions cause ice to form on wings and aircraft surfaces. 
An investigator wearing headphones, an oxygen mask, a fur-lined leather jacket, and stylish patterned pants is seated in front of scale. 
There are also several dial gauges. Standard weights and other measurements in use. 1

    Summary

    The unit system used herein is detailed.

    Preferred units (primary SI units):

        mass: kg
        force: N
        length: m
        tk: temperature, K
        time: seconds, s
        p: air static pressure, Pa (N/m^2)
        u: free-stream air speed, m/s
        altitude: pressure altitude, m
        energy: J or N-m
    

    Icing specific, entrenched exceptions:

        d_drop: water drop diameter, micrometer (1e-6 m)
        lwc: liquid water content, g/m^3
    

    The NACA publications systems of units

    The units in the NACA publications vaguely follow "US Customary" units, although there are often exceptions:

        mass: g, kg, lbm, slug
        force: N, lbf
        length: micron, inch, foot, mile, nautical mile
        temperature: F, R
        time: s, hour
        air static pressure, lbf/in …
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  7. The Greatest Thing That You Have (Probably) Never Read: AC 00-6A (Cancelled)

    Published: Tue 01 March 2022
    Updated: Tue 01 October 2024

    tags: diversions

    "Aircraft icing is one of the major weather hazards to aviation. Icing is a cumulative hazard. It reduces aircraft efficiency by increasing weight, reducing lift, decreasing thrust, and increasing drag." 1

    Summary

    Prior information from the FAA on "Aviation Weather For Pilots and Flight Operations Personnel".

    Discussion

    Veteran pilots with FIKI ratings (Flight In Known Icing) may already be familiar with this, but the rest of us could benefit from reading it.

    Alas, this was cancelled in 2016 (the next version calcelled in 2022 2, and the superseding version 3 is more current, but not as entertaining a read). It also features "instructive illustrations" to introduce each chapter, which are somewhere on the corney-questionable-objectionable spectrum.

    The potential hazards of structural icing are noted: Drawing of an airplane with text: Effects of Icing are Cumulative, Lift Lessens, Drag Increases, Thrust Falls Off, Weight Increases, Stalling Speed Increases, Figure 89. Effects of Structural Icing

    I am not so sure about the "Stalling Speed Increases" part. The speed at which the airplane may stall at may decrease due to the effects of …

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  8. Diversions

    Published: Sat 15 January 2022
    Updated: Tue 01 October 2024

    tags: diversions

    Four cartoon depictions of aircraft in icing. 
The individual images are described in the link below.
    Four Instructive Illustrations.

    Diversions can take us into the post-NACA era of aircraft icing, with perhaps more freewheeling reviews.

    The Greatest Thing That You Have (Probably) Never Read: AC 00-6A

    The Greatest Thing That You Have (Probably) Never Read: 1969 Aircraft Ice Protection Report of Symposium

    The Greatest Thing That You Have (Probably) Never Read: Wilder, Ramon W.: "Techniques used to determine Artificial Ice Shapes and Ice Shedding, Characteristics of Unprotected Airfoil Surfaces"

    A Brief Digression on Units

    Instructive Illustrations

    Out-Sourcing My Work to ChatGPT and DALL-E ;)

    Candidates (not yet reviewed):

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